Comparative gender analysis of the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus among HIV-infected individuals receiving care at Offa, north-central Nigeria

Background: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections are common and contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients. This study was conducted to determine the level of exposure, compare the gender distribution pattern and correlate with CD4 count, history of chicken pox and demographics among HIV patients. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 273 randomly selected HIV-positive patients (93 males and 180 females) receiving care and management at the General Hospital Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria, between September 2019 and March 2020, after obtaining informed consent. Sera were separated from the blood samples and tested for the presence of VZV-specific IgG antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The seroprevalence rate of VZV in the selected HIV patients was 76.9% (210/273), which was similar in both male (83.9%, 78/93) and female (73.3%, 132/180) patients (χ 2=3.265, p=0.071). The seroprevalence rates of VZV in both male and female patients were significantly associated with marital status, occupational status, and CD4+ cell count (p<0.05), however, age group was not significantly associated with VZV seroprevalence in both male (χ2=8.014, p=0.155) and female (χ2=4.689, p=0.455) patients. The seroprevalence of VZV in males (32%) who reported history of chicken pox was about twice that of females (17.4%) (OR=2.235, 95% CI=1.162-4.302, p=0.023). Conclusion: The level of exposure of HIV-infected individuals to VZV in Offa, Nigeria is high and is similarly distributed in both male and female genders. However, more males with VZV exposure reported history of chicken pox (acute infection) than their female counterparts.

Efectos de la migración venezolana sobre la notificación de casos de VIH en Colombia / Effects of the Venezuelan migration phenomenon on the notification of HIV cases in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: En la última década, millones de venezolanos han emigrado de su país; Colombia ha sido su principal destino. Es importante evaluar las repercusiones de la migración sobre eventos de interés en salud pública como la infección por el VIH, a fin de adoptar políticas pertinentes para atender la epidemia. Sin embargo, la información del estado de salud de la población migrante y su impacto sobre la salud pública en Colombia es escasa. Objetivos: Evaluar el papel de los casos de VIH importados desde Venezuela en el comportamiento del evento VIH/SIDA/ mortalidad por VIH en Colombia. Metodología: Mediante cálculo integral se compara el área bajo las curvas de casos de VIH totales e importados notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Colombia. Resultados: La curva de casos de VIH importados desde Venezuela tiene una contribución menor (2,26 %) en el incremento de casos notificados en Colombia. Conclusiones: La migración venezolana no es el principal factor responsable del incremento de casos de VIH en Colombia, deben evaluarse otros factores involucrados en la difusión de la pandemia a nivel local.

Abstract Introduction: Millions of Venezuelans have emigrated due to their country's socio-economic crisis in the last decade; Colombia has been their main destination. To adopt relevant policies to address the problem, it is important to assess the impact of migration on public health interest events such as HIV infection. However, information on the health status of immigrants and its repercussions on public health in Colombia is scarce. Objective: Outline how the Venezuelan migration phenomenon has impacted HIV notification within Colombia. Methodology: Through an integral calculation, the area under the curves of total and imported HIV cases reported to the National Public Health Surveillance System of Colombia are compared. Incidence measures are carried out among the migrant population and the Colombian regions with the highest concentration of migrants are analyzed in greater depth. Results: The curve of HIV cases imported from Venezuela has a smaller contribution (2.26%) in the increase of cases notified in Colombia. Conclusions: The migratory crisis is not the main cause responsible for the increase in cases in Colombia. Other factors involved in the spread of the pandemic at the local level must be evaluated.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da morbimortalidade pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana no nordeste brasileiro / Epidemiological aspects of morbimortality due human immunodeficiency virus in the brazilian northeast / Aspectos epidemiológicos de la morbimortalidad por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en el nordeste brasileño

Objetivo: descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da morbimortalidade pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana no nordeste brasileiro entre 2013 e 2017. Métodos: estudo descritivo e transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Selecionou-se as variáveis: unidades federativas, sexo, faixa etária, e cor/raça. Resultados: registrou-se 34.647 internações no nordeste brasileiro. Destes, 4.031 evoluíram para o óbito, correspondendo a mortalidade de 11,63%. Evidenciou-se maior morbidade (30,77%) e óbito (19,40%) em Pernambuco e maior mortalidade em Alagoas (19,40%). Os homens prevaleceram nas internações (65,98%), óbitos (69,51%) e mortalidade (12,26%). Os adultos entre 35 e 39 anos tiveram maior morbidade (17,66%) e óbitos (17,39%), já os idosos ≥80 anos, tiveram maior mortalidade (22,64%). A raça/cor parda prevaleceu nas internações (51,36%) e óbitos (49,71%) e os indígenas na mortalidade (50%). Conclusão: a epidemiologia das infecções reflete na necessidade de intervenções em saúde principalmente no estado de Alagoas por apresentar maior mortalidade pela patologia

Objective: to describe the epidemiological aspects of morbimortality due Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Brazilian northeast between 2013 and 2017. Methods: descriptive and cross-sectional study with data collected through the hospital information systems. It were selected the variables: federative units, sex, age groups and color/race. Results: it was registered 34.647 hospitalizations in Brazilian northeast. Of these, 4.031 died, corresponding to the mortality of 11,63%. It were evidenced higher morbidity (30,77%) and death (19,40%) in Pernambuco and higher mortality in Alagoas (19,40%). The men have prevailed in the hospitalizations (65,98%), deaths (69,51%) and mortality (12,26%). The adults between 35 and 39 years old had greater morbidity (17,66%) and deaths (17,39%) and the elderly ≥80 years old had greater mortality (22,64%). The brown color/race have prevailed in the hospitalizations (51,36%) and deaths (49,71%) and the indigenous in the mortality (50%). Conclusion: the epidemiology of infections reflects in the need of health care interventions, mainly in the state of Alagoas for presenting greater mortality due pathology

Objetivo: describir los aspectos epidemiológicos de la morbimortalidad por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana en el nordeste brasileño entre 2013 y 2017. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal realizados con datos del Sistema de información hospitalaria. Fueran seleccionada las variables: unidades federativas, sexo, grupo de edad y color/raza. Resultados: se ha registrado 34.647 hospitalizaciones en el nordeste brasileño. De estos, 4.031 evolucionaron a óbito, correspondiendo la mortalidad de 11,63%. Se evidenció una mayor morbilidad (30,77%) y muertes (19,40%) en Pernambuco y mayor mortalidad in Alagoas (19,40%). Los hombres prevalecieron en la morbilidad (65,98%), muertes (69,51%) y mortalidad (12,26%). Los adultos entre 35 y 39 años tuvieran mayor morbilidad (17,66%) y muertes (17,39%), y las personas mayores ≥80 años tuvieran mayor mortalidad (22,64%). La color/raza parda prevaleció en las hospitalizaciones (51,36%) y muertes (49,71%) y los indígenas en la mortalidad (50%). Conclusión: la epidemiología de las infecciones refleja en la necesidad de intervenciones en la salud principalmente en el estado de Alagoas por presentar mayor mortalidad pela patología

Positividade ao hiv e fatores associados em um centro de testagem e aconselhamento / Positividad al vih y factores asociados en un centro de consejería y pruebas / Hiv positivity and associated factors in a counseling and testing center

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais associados à positividade ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) em usuários de um Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA). Método: Estudo transversal com 5.229 usuários que realizaram o teste rápido para HIV, registrados no Sistema de Informação do CTA. As análises bivariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas utilizando-se a regressão logística binária, com apresentação do OddsRatio, intervalo de confiança de 95% e p-valor <0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de infecção pelo HIV foi de 5,0% (259), com maior acometimento da população mais jovem (p=0,010). Observou-se maior positividade entre as pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (91,3%; p<0,001) e homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) (20%; p<0,001). Nas análises multivariadas verificou-se maior associação à infecção pelo HIV no modelo 2 que inclui, as variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais, como: o recorte populacional de HSH, o compartilhamento de seringas, a orientação sexual HSH, ter infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) nos últimos 12 meses, parceiro soropositivo para HIV e uso irregular ou não uso do preservativo nos últimos 12 meses com parceiro fixo. Conclusão: A vulnerabilidade ao HIV foi mais associada aos fatores relacionados ao compartilhamento de seringas e ao comportamento sexual, especialmente os HSH e as parcerias fixas.

resumen Objetivo: analizar los factores sociodemográficos y comportamentales asociados a la positividad al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) en usuarios de un Centro de Consejería y Pruebas. Método: estudio transversal con 5.229 usuarios que realizaron la prueba rápida para VIH, registrados en el Sistema de Información del Centro. Los análisis bivariados y multivariados fueron realizados utilizando la regresión logística binaria, con presentación del OddsRatio, intervalo de confianza de 95% y p-valor <0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de infección por el VIH fue de 5,0% (259), con mayor acometimiento de la población más joven (p=0,010). Se observó mayor positividad entre las personas viviendo con VIH/sida (91,3%; p<0,001) y hombres que hacen sexo con hombres (HSH) (20%; p<0,001). En los análisis multivariados se verificó mayor asociacióna la infección por el VIH en el modelo 2 que incluye las variables sociodemográficas y comportamentales como: el recorte poblacional de HSH, el compartir jeringas, la orientación sexual HSH, tener enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) en los últimos 12 meses, compañero seropositivo para VIHy uso irregular o la falta del uso de preservativo en los últimos 12 meses con compañero fijo. Conclusión: la vulnerabilidad al VIH fue más asociada a los factores relacionados al compartir jeringas y al comportamiento sexual, especialmente los HSH y los compañeros fijos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positivity in users of a Counseling and Testing Center (CTC). Method: Across-sectional study with 5,229 users who performed the rapid HIV test, registered in the CTC's Information System. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed using binary logistic regression, presenting OddsRatio, 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05. Results: The prevalence of HIV infection was 5.0% (259), with greater involvement of the younger population (p=0.010). Greater positivity was observed among people living with HIV/AIDS(91.3%; p <0.001) and men who have sex with men (MSM) (20%; p<0.001). In multivariate analyzes, there was a greater association with HIV infection in model 2, which includes sociodemographic and behavioral variables, such as: the populational cut of MSM, needle sharing, MSM sexual orientation, having sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the last 12 months, HIV-positive partner and irregular or no condom use in the last 12 months with a steady partner. Results: Conclusion: Vulnerability to HIV was more associated with factors related to needle sharing and sexual behavior, especially MSM and steady partnerships.

Tendência temporal dos casos de HIV/aids no estado de Minas Gerais, 2007 a 2016 / Tendencia temporal de los casos de VIH/sida en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2007-2016 / Temporal trend of HIV/AIDS cases in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2007-2016

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência, detecção e mortalidade pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) no estado de Minas Gerais, de 2007 a 2016. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: no período estudado, foram notificados 35.349 casos,entre os quais predominou a transmissão por via sexual (81,7%); destes, 50,3% foram entre heterossexuais e 22,8% entre homossexuais. Houve aumento da taxa de incidência de aids (variação anual 1,6%; IC95%0,0;3,3) e de detecção de HIV+ (variação anual 60,3%; IC95%22,9;109,0). A taxa de mortalidade foi estacionária. O percentual de notificações pelo critério HIV+ aumentou de 3,8% em 2007 para 65,1% em 2016. Conclusão: a tendência de crescimento da detecção de HIV coincide com a estratégia para identificação dos casos; a incidência de aids foi crescente.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de los coeficientes de incidencia, detección y mortalidad por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (Sida) en el estado de Minas Gerais, entre 2007-2016. Métodos: estudio de las series temporales de casos notificados del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan) por la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de series temporales. Resultados: había 35.349 casos y predominio de contaminación por vía sexual (81,7%), en heterosexuales (50,3%) y homosexuales (22,8%). Aumentó la tendencia de la incidencia de sida y detección de VIH +, con variación anual del 1,6% y del 60,3% (p <0,05), respectivamente. La mortalidad fue estacionaria. Aumentaron las notificaciones por el criterio de VIH +. Conclusión: el aumento de la tendencia de detección de VIH +, indica que la estrategia para identificación de portadores se ha mostrado apropiada, pero la incidencia de sida continua creciente.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) incidence, detection and mortality coefficients in the state of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. Methods: this was a time series study of data held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) using Prais-Winsten regression. Results: in the period studied, 35,349 cases were notified, with predominance of sexually transmitted cases (81.7%), 50.3% of which were heterosexual cases and 22.8% were homosexual cases. AIDS incidence increased (annual change 1.6%; 95%CI 0.0;3.3) as did HIV detection (annual change 60.3%; 95%CI 22.9;109.0). The mortality rate was stationary; HIV+ notifications increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 65.1% in 2016. Conclusion: the growing trend of HIV+ detection coincided with the government strategy to identify cases. AIDS incidence increased.

Serologic evidence of seasonal influenza A and B in HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Influenza and HIV are endemic in Nigeria but there is no epidemiological data on the co-infection of influenza A and B among HIV patients.Objective: We investigated seasonal influenza A and B, and co-infection among HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Lagos, Nigeria.Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, clear sera collected from 174 HIV-positive patients between August and September 2018 were analysed for immunoglobulin M-specific antibodies to seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, and influenza B by enzyme immunoassay. Results: A total of 39.7% (69/174) of HIV patients were seropositive for influenza A or B viruses with 84.1% (58/69) being positive for influenza A, 13.04% (9/69) seropositive for both influenza A and B, and only 2.9% (2/69) positive for influenza B mono-infection. Median age was 44 (mean 45, mode 40, range 18­74) years. The 41­50 years age group had the highest seroprevalence (39.1%; 27/69). Seropositivity was highest among women (65.2%; 45/69). A total of 88.4% (61/69) of HIV patients seropositive for influenza A or B were on fixed dose cART, while 73.9% (51/69) were virologically suppressed. Furthermore, 27.5% (19/69) were immunocompromised, of which 21.1% (4/19) were severely immunosuppressed (cluster of differentiation 4 < 200 cells/mm>3).Conclusion: Influenza A and B was prevalent among HIV patients on cART, which may predispose them to life-threatening complications. We recommend strong advocacy on the need to reduce the risk of exposure to influenza and for the provision of an influenza vaccine in Nigeria

Epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous populations / Aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo HIV e da aids entre povos indígenas

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological aspects of HIV infection and AIDS among indigenous peoples of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS This is a descriptive epidemiological study on the occurrence and distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the indigenous population assisted by the Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena (Indigenous Special Health District) Mato Grosso do Sul between 2001 and 2014, based on three secondary databases. Annual rates of HIV and AIDS detection and prevalence were calculated, considering case distribution according to village, Health Base Pole and sociodemographic variables. Accumulated rates of detection, mortality and case fatality were calculated by ethnic group and for the Health Base Pole with the highest number of cases. RESULTS The HIV detection rate fluctuated between 0.0 and 18.0/100 thousand people in the study period. For AIDS, there was no notification before 2007, but in 2012 its rate reached 16.6/100 thousand. HIV prevalence grew between 2001 and 2011, and it continuously grew for AIDS starting from 2007. The highest HIV detection rates occurred among Guarani peoples (167.1/100 thousand) and for AIDS, among the Kaiowá peoples (79.3/100 thousand); mortality and fatality rates were higher among the Kaiowá. Regarding the Dourados Health Base Pole, the AIDS detection rate increased, and the mortality and fatality rates decreased. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and AIDS have been increasing among indigenous peoples, with distribution of the disease mainly in the Health Base Poles of the southern region of the state, where greater economic and social vulnerability are also observed. The endemic character of HIV and AIDS can become epidemic in some years given the existence of cases in other villages in the state. Its occurrence among the Guarani and Kaiowá populations indicates the need for expanded diagnosis, access to treatment and prevention measures.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da infecção pelo HIV e da aids entre povos indígenas do Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico descritivo sobre ocorrência e distribuição da infecção pelo HIV e aids na população indígena assistida pelo Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 2001 e 2014, a partir de três bases de dados secundários. Calcularam-se as taxas anuais de detecção e de prevalência de HIV e aids, com distribuição dos casos segundo aldeia, Polo Base e variáveis sociodemográficas. As taxas acumuladas de detecção, mortalidade e letalidade foram calculadas por etnia e para os Polos Base com o maior número de casos. RESULTADOS A taxa de detecção de HIV flutuou entre 0,0 e 18,0/100 mil pessoas no período. Para a aids, não houve notificação antes de 2007, mas em 2012 sua taxa chegou a 16,6/100 mil. A prevalência de HIV indicou crescimento entre 2001 e 2011, e para a aids observou-se aumento contínuo a partir de 2007. As maiores taxas de detecção de HIV ocorreram entre os Guarani (167,1/100 mil) e de aids, entre os Kaiowá (79,3/100 mil); as taxas de mortalidade e letalidade foram superiores entre os Kaiowá. Para o Polo Base de Dourados, observou-se elevação da taxa de detecção de aids e diminuição das taxas de mortalidade e letalidade. CONCLUSÕES A infecção pelo HIV e a aids mostraram-se crescentes entre povos indígenas, com distribuição da doença principalmente nos Polos Base da região sul do estado, onde observa-se também maior vulnerabilidade econômica e social. O caráter endêmico do HIV e da aids pode se tornar epidêmico em alguns anos, considerando a existência de casos em outras aldeias do estado. Sua ocorrência entre os Guarani e Kaiowá sinaliza a necessidade de ampliação do diagnóstico, do acesso ao tratamento e de medidas de prevenção.

HIV prevalence in young people and children living on the streets, Kenya

Objective To obtain an estimate of the size of, and human immunodeficiency (HIV) prevalence among, young people and children living on the streets of Eldoret, Kenya. Methods We counted young people and children using a point-in-time approach, ensuring we reached our target population by engaging relevant community leaders during the planning of the study. We acquired point-in-time count data over a period of 1 week betweethe hours of 08:00 and 23:00, from both a stationary site and by mobile teams. Participants provided demographic data and a finger print(to avoid double-counting) and were encouraged to speak with an HIV counsellor and undergo HIV testing. We used a logistic regression (model to test for an association between age or sex and uptake of HIV testing and seropositivity. Findings Of the 1419 eligible participants counted, 1049 (73.9%) were male with a median age of 18 years. Of the 1029 who spoke with a counsellor, 1004 individuals accepted HIV counselling and 947 agreed to undergo an HIV test. Combining those who were already aware of their HIV-positive status with those who were tested during our study resulted in an overall HIV seroprevalence of 4.1%. The seroprevalence was 2.7% (19/698) for males and 8.9% (23/259) for females. We observed an increase in seroprevalence with increasing age for both sexes, but of much greater magnitude for females. Conclusion By counting young people and children living on the streets and offering them HIV counselling and testing, we could obtain population-based estimates of HIV prevalence

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors in pregnant women at the Protestant Hospital, Mbouo-Bandjoun, Cameroon

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a common worldwide infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In Cameroon, several recent studies have reported high seroprevalence of this parasitosis in various hospitals (Douala, Limbe, Njinikom and Yaoundé). The aim of this study was to determine whether this high prevalence of toxoplasmosis might occur in other regions of the country. Methodology: Serological tests by the indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgM were carried out on 200 pregnant women (36 HIV-positive and 164 HIV-negative) at the Protestant Hospital of Mbouo-Bandjoun in western Cameroon to determine the presence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and to identify the risk factors associated with seropositivity of the subjects. Results: The overall seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was 45.5%. The prevalence rate was 80.5% in the HIV-positive group (47.2% IgG, 22.2% IgM and 11.1% IgG + IgM) and 37.8% in the HIV-negative group (25.6%, 9.7% and 2.4% respectively). Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the secondary level of educational, presence of HIV infection, and frequency of close contacts with cats were significantly associated with the prevalence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies. Conclusion: Compared with previous reports of human toxoplasmosis in Cameroon, the prevalence in our study showed a decrease in the disease occurrence. Further studies are needed to determine whether this decrease is localised to our study or a general phenomenon currently affecting the country

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico da tuberculose intestinal em pacientes de um hospital universitário / Clinical and epidemiological profile of intestinal tuberculosis in patients of a university hospital

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer o perfil clínico-epidemiológico da tuberculose intestinal em pacientes assistidos em um ambulatório específico. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, no qual foram avaliadas as principais características da população com diagnóstico de tuberculose intestinal atendida em um hospital universitário e notificada de janeiro 2009 a junho de 2017. RESULTADOS: A população foi constituída na maioria por mulheres, com média de 47,7 anos, negativas para o anti-HIV e residentes na região metropolitana. Ao diagnóstico, 27,3% apresentavam alteração de hábito intestinal e 45,4% doença fistulizante/ estenosante. Quase todos os resultados do PPD foram positivos, e 100% das radiografias de tórax não possuíam anormalidades. No histopatológico do segmento intestinal, o achado mais prevalente foi o granuloma caseoso. CONCLUSÃO: A tuberculose deve ser investigada em pacientes com doença intestinal no nosso país. (AU)

epidemiological profile of intestinal tuberculosis in patients assisted in a specific outpatient clinic. METHODS: This was a descriptive and retrospective study evaluating the main characteristics of the population with diagnosis of Intestinal tuberculosis treated at a University Hospital, and notified from January 2009 to June 2017. RESULTS: The population consisted mostly of women, with a mean age of 47.7 years, negative for anti-HIV, and livingin the metropolitan region of the city. At diagnosis, 27.3% presented changed bowel habits, and 45.4% fistulizing/stenosing disease. Almost all PPD results were positive and 100% of chest radiographs had no abnormalities. In the histopathology of the intestinal segment, the most prevalent finding was caseous granuloma. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis should be investigated in patients with intestinal disease in our country. (AU)

Prevalence of HIV among older adults at a reference center in Southern Brazil / Prevalência do HIV em pessoas idosas de um centro de referência no Sul do Brasil / Prevalencia del HIV entre personas mayores en un centro de referencia en el Sur de Brasil

This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of HIV in older adults. A cross-sectional study of 1,184 HIV-infected patients. In this group, 1,091 (92.15%) patients were aged < 60 years and 93 (7.85%) ≥ 60 years. The mean prevalence rate of HIV detected in the ≥ 60 years group was 1.66± 0.54 per 100,000 population (1.05± 0.43 in men and 0.61 ± 0.29 in women). The epidemiological profile of elderly patients with HIV was characterized by: males, low levels of schooling, white and heterosexual people.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência do HIV em idosos. Estudo transversal com 1184 pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Neste grupo, 1091 (92,15%) pacientes tinham idade <60 anos e 93 (7,85%) ≥ 60 anos. A prevalência média de HIV detectada no grupo ≥ 60 anos foi de 1,66 ± 0,54 por 100.000 habitantes (1,05 ± 0,43 nos homens e 0,61 ± 0,29 nas mulheres). O perfil epidemiológico dos idosos com HIV foi caracterizado por: homens, baixa escolaridade, brancos, heterossexuais.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del VIH en las personas mayores. Estudio transversal de 1184 pacientes infectados con el VIH. En este grupo, 1091 (92,15%) pacientes tenían una edad <60 años y 93 (7,85%) ≥ 60 años. La prevalencia del VIH en la rama de ≥ 60 años fue de 1,66 ± 0,54 por cada 100.000 habitantes (1,05 ± 0,43 en hombres y 0,61 ± 0,29 en mujeres). El perfil epidemiológico de las personas de edad avanzada con el VIH se caracteriza por: los hombres, bajo nivel de educación, blancos, y heterosexuales.

Evaluation of HIV, STI and CD4 results among voluntary attendees at the HIV/AIDS program of Mexico City / Evaluación de resultados de VIH, ETS y CD4 en asistentes al programa de VIH/SIDA de la Ciudad de México

Abstract: Objective: To describe results of HIV, sexually transmitted diseases (STI) and CD4 counts at the HIV-specialized Condesa Clinic (CC) in Mexico City. Materials and methods: Individuals who requested voluntary counseling and testing at CC were studied. We identified antibodies against HIV, syphilis, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B HBsAg. CD4 cell counts and viral load of HIV positive individuals were also obtained. Late HIV infection diagnosis was established if CD4 counts were lower than 200 cells/μL. Results: Global seroprevalence of HIV, syphilis, HBsAg, and anti HCV markers was of 20.1, 6, 1 and 1, respectively. Men displayed higher seroprevalence of infection markers than women. Among men, HIV infection was related to age and with all STI markers. Late HIV diagnosis was 31.8%. The risk of late HIV diagnosis was higher among women and it increased as age increased. Conclusions: Differences between genders regarding HIV and STIs prevalence as well as risk factors for HIV infection and late HIV diagnosis were observed.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir resultados del programa VIH/SIDA de la Clínica Especializada Condesa (CC). Material y métodos: Se identificaron anticuerpos contra VIH, sífilis y hepatitis C, así como HBsAg del virus de la hepatitis B. Se hizo un conteo de CD4 y carga viral en los positivos a VIH asistentes a la CC. El conteo CD4 menor a 200 células/μL definió el diagnóstico tardío de la infección por VIH. Resultados: La prevalencia de VIH, sífilis, HBsAg y virus de la hepatitis (HCV) fue de 20.1, 6, 1 y 1, respectivamente. Los hombres mostraron prevalencias mayores de infección que las mujeres y en ellos la infección por VIH estuvo relacionada con la edad y con los marcadores de ITS. El diagnóstico tardío de VIH fue de 31.8% y su riesgo fue mayor en las mujeres y se incrementó conforme la edad. Conclusión: Se encontraron diferencias de género en las prevalencias de VIH e ITS, en los riesgos de infección por VIH y en el diagnóstico tardío de esta infección.

Toxoplasmose em parturientes de um Hospital do Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Toxoplasmosis in parturients in a hospital in South Santa Catarina

Introdução: Atualmente, ainda existe uma alta incidência de infecção pelo Toxoplasma gondii durante o período gestacional, comparada com as demais doenças infecciosas que atingem as parturientes. Assim, este estudo visou identificar a presença de infecção aguda ou tardia pelo Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes e correlacioná-la à soropositividade para o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV). Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com gestantes atendidas em um hospital do Sul de Santa Catarina, de agosto de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Os dados foram coletados a partir de uma cópia do cartão das gestantes vinculado ao prontuário. Resultados: O estudo avaliou dados de 676 gestantes. A idade variou de 14 a 44 anos, sendo o grupo de 20 a 29 anos o mais prevalente (51,6%). Os resultados positivos para IgG, acompanhados de resultado negativo para IgM, corresponderam a um total de 175 (25,8%) gestantes. 420 (62,1%) pacientes possuíram resultados IgG negativos. 16 (2,3%) pacientes tiveram anticorpos IgM positivos. Destas, 04 pacientes possuíam IgG negativos e 12 IgG positivos. 2 (0,3%) pacientes tiveram resultado positivo para infecção pelo HIV. Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre IgM positivo e infecção pelo HIV, pesos alterados dos recém-nascidos e prematuridade. Conclusão: Verifica-se que há um elevado número de pacientes susceptíveis à infecção pelo T. gondii durante a gestação e, consequentemente, ao risco elevado de transmissão intraútero. Para o melhor conhecimento sobre as consequências desta infecção em parturientes, seria necessário o acompanhamento dos recém-nascidos por um longo período (AU)

Introduction: Currently, there is still a high incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection during the gestational period, compared to other infectious diseases that affect parturients. This study was designed to identify the presence of acute or late infection by Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and to correlate it with seropositivity for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with pregnant women seen at a hospital in southern Santa Catarina from August 2015 to January 2016. Data were collected from a copy of the pregnant women's card attached to the chart. Results: The study evaluated data from 676 pregnant women. Their age ranged from 14 to 44 years, with the group of 20-29 years old being the most prevalent (51.6%). The positive results for IgG accompanied by a negative result for IgM, amounted to a total of 175 (25.8%) women. 420 (62.1%) patients had negative IgG results. 16 (2.3%) patients had positive IgM antibodies. Of these, 4 patients had negative IgG and 12 positive IgG. Two (0.3%) patients tested positive for HIV infection. There was no statistically significant association between positive IgM and HIV infection, altered weights of the newborns, and prematurity. Conclusion: There is a high number of patients susceptible to infection by T. gondii during pregnancy and, thus, to a high risk of intrauterine transmission. For better knowledge about the consequences of this infection in parturients, it would be necessary to monitor the newborns for a long period (AU)

Situación de VIH en usuarios de drogas inyectables en Colombia / HIV among intravenous drug users in Colombia

Objetivo: Describir la seroprevalencia de VIH en la población usuaria de drogas inyectadas (UDI) de 6 ciudades de Colombia y analizar algunos comportamientos descritos de riesgo para la infección por VIH. Material y método: Es un estudio observacional transversal, de 1.464 UDI activos seleccionados desde el año 2011 a 2014 en 6 ciudades de Colombia utilizando la metodología de respondent driven-sampling. Se realizó prueba de laboratorio para la detección del VIH. Resultado: El 88,9% de los UDI eran hombres, con una edad promedio de 26,67 años. El microtráfico reportó una alta frecuencia en ciudades como Cali, Medellín y Armenia; el 9,8% eran hombres que tenían sexo con hombres; la mayor proporción de los UDI en las 6 ciudades luego de utilizar la jeringa la botan en una caneca; uno de cada 3 la guarda para ser usada nuevamente, y un 12% la botó en el piso sin utilizar normas de bioseguridad. Discusión: En Colombia la seroprevalencia de VIH no es tan alta en UDI como en otros países, aunque en Cúcuta, la proporción estimada de VIH en la población fue mayor del 5%, indicando una epidemia concentrada. Conclusiones: Se identificó la presencia de VIH en UDI en 6 ciudades de Colombia, confirmando así que el abuso de drogas es un fenómeno social complejo que alimenta la epidemia de VIH/sida.

Objective: Determine HIV prevalence in the intravenous drug user (IDU) population from 6 Colombian cities and analyse several reported risk behaviors for HIV infection. Material and method: Cross-sectional study. A total of 1,464 active IDU were recruited from 2011 to 2014 in 6 Colombian countries, using the methodology of respondent driven-sampling. Laboratory tests for HIV detection were performed. Result: A total of 88.9% of the IDUs were men. The mean age of the participants from the 6 cities was 26.67 years. A high frequency of micro-trafficking was reported in Cali, Medellin and Armenia; some 9.8% were men who had sex with men. Most IDUs from the 6 cities discarded the syringe in the trash after using it; one of every 3 saved it for a new use and 12% threw it on the floor without following biosafety standards. Discussion: HIV prevalence among IDUs in Colombia is not as high as in other countries. However, in Cucuta the estimated proportion of HIV infection in the population was 5% higher, which could indicate a concentrated epidemic. Conclusions: HIV presence was identified among IDUs in 6 Colombian cities, which reinforces that drug abuse is a complex social phenomena that contributes to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Relações sexuais desprotegidas entre usuários de crack no Estado de Pernambuco / Unprotected sex among crack users in the Pernambuco state

Introdução: Altas prevalências de HIV e relações sexuais desprotegidas têm sido frequentemente verificadas entre usuários de drogas, mesmo nas formas não injetáveis, como o crack, sendo, portanto, uma das práticas, persistentes de disseminação desse vírus no Brasil. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de relações sexuais desprotegidas e seus fatores associados, entre sexo, em usuários de crack no Estado de Pernambuco. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de corte-transversal, de uma amostra de usuários de crack atendidos pelo Programa ATITUDE em Pernambuco, realizado entre 2014 e 2015. Foram considerados usuários de crack aqueles indivíduos que atenderam ao critério da Organização Pan-americana de Saúde para definição de usuários de drogas de alto risco de transmitir HIV. Para verificação de diferenças por sexo foi empregado o teste qui quadrado. O efeito dos fatores estudados sobre as relações sexuais desprotegidas foi estimado por meio do modelo de regressão simples e as variáveis com p 0,20 foram selecionados para análise multivariada, sendo considerado o nível de significância de 5 por cento. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.062 casos (819 do sexo masculino e 243 do sexo feminino). O maior percentual tinha de 25 a 34 anos (46 por cento), de cor parda (65,1 por cento), e vivendo em situação de rua (56,9 por cento). O uso inconsistente do preservativo entre os homens (74,7 por cento) foi associado a está na vigência de drogas; não uso do preservativo na primeira relação sexual; autopercepção de grande chance de infectar-se por HIV; ter parceiro fixo; e não ter acesso a preservativo...

JACQUES, Iracema de Jesus Almeida Alves. Unprotected sex among crack users in the Pernambuco state. 2016. Dissertação (Mestrado Acadêmico em Saúde Pública) -Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife. 2016ABSTRACTIntroduction:High prevalence of HIV and unprotected sex have often been observed among drug users, even in non-injectable forms, such as crack, therefore, being considered one of the practices related to the dissemination of HIV in Brazil. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of unprotected sex and its associated factors, among sex, in the crack users of the Pernambuco State. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional cohort study from a sample of crack users assisted by ATTITUDE Program in Pernambuco, carried out between 2014 and 2015. Were considered as crack users those individuals who meet the criteria of the Pan American Health Organization for drug users with high risk of to transmit HIV. To verify differences according to sex we used the chi-squared test. The effect of the factors studied over unprotected sex was estimated by simple regression model and the variables with p <0.20 were selected for multivariate analysis, being considered the ignificance level of 5%. Results: Were analyzed 1,062 cases, being 819 (77.1%) male and 243 (22.9%) female. The highest percentage were between 25 and 34 years (46%), single (80.2%), skin color brown (65.1%), and living on the streets (56.9 %)...

Comportamientos sexuales en mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico VIH/SIDA en tres ciudades de Colombia 2011 / Comportamentos sexuais em mais de 18 anos com diagnóstico de HIV / AIDS em três cidades na Colômbia 2011 / Sexual behaviors in over 18 years old with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in three cities of Colombia 2011

Objetivo: Describir los comportamientos sexuales en personas VIH positivas en tres ciudades de Colombia antes y después de conocer el diagnóstico e identificar cambios en estos comportamientos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, de corte trasversal, en el que participaron 85 individuos de tres ciudades colombianas, entrevistados durante el año 2011. Se cumplió con los parámetros éticos para investigaciones con personas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS 18.0. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas al comparar el comportamiento sexual antes y después de conocer el diagnóstico VIH positivo. el 23% de los entrevistados manifestó no haber iniciado actividades sexuales después del diagnóstico, el 62.5% empezó a usar el condón en todas sus relaciones sexuales. Las relaciones sexuales con personas VIH positivo aumentaron a un 35.4%. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual disminuyeron a un 12.3%. El consumo de alcohol previo al inicio de relaciones sexuales disminuyó a un 31.8%. Conclusiones: Se encontraron cambios en los comportamientos de riesgo de las personas después de recibir el diagnóstico; sin embargo, dichas modificaciones no son suficientes por tratarse de la trasmisión de una infección mortal y de elevados costos socioeconómicos.

Objective: To describe sexual behaviors of HIV positive patients in three cities of Colombia, before and after learning diagnosis and to identify changes. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with participation of 85 individuals from three cities of Colombia who were interviewed during 2011. Ethical standards for research involving individuals were met during the study. The SPSS software version 18.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant differences were found when comparing their sexual behavior before and after knowing HIV positive diagnosis, 23.0% of respondents said that they had not resumed sexual activity, 62.5% of the patients began to use the condom in all sexual relations. Sex with HIV-positive people increased a 35.4%. Sexually transmitted infections were reduced to a 12.3%. The consumption of alcohol prior to the onset of sexual intercourse decreased to 31.8%. Conclusions: Changes were found regarding risky behaviors of people after knowing the diagnosis; however, such modifications are not enough regarding the transmission of a deadly infection and with high social and economic costs.

Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento sexual em pessoas HIV-positivas em três cidades na Colômbia antes e depois de conhecer o diagnóstico e identificar mudanças no esses comportamentos. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de transversal, em que 85 indivíduos participaram em três cidades colombianas, entrevistado em 2011. Eles se conheceram os padrões éticos para a investigação com as pessoas. Para análise estatística foi utilizado SPSS 18.0 software. Resultados: Diferenças significativas na comparação entre o comportamento sexual foram encontrados antes e depois de aprender sobre o diagnóstico de HIV positivo. 23% dos entrevistados disseram que a atividade sexual não ter iniciado após o diagnóstico, 62,5% começaram a usar preservativos em todas as relações sexuais. Sexo com pessoas HIV positivas aumentou para 35,4%. infecções sexualmente transmissíveis diminuiu para 12,3%. O consumo de álcool antes do início do sexo diminuiu para 31,8%. Conclusões: foram encontradas alterações nos comportamentos de risco de pessoas depois de receber o diagnóstico; No entanto, estas alterações não são suficientes, porque é a transmissão de uma infecção fatal e custos socioeconómicos elevados.

Avaliação da testagem anti-HIV no pré-natal e na assistência ao parto no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / An evaluation of HIV testing during preand perinatal care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Avaliar a testagem anti-HIV durante a assistência pré-natal e ao parto no Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal conduzido em 2009 em 15 maternidades no Rio de Janeiro, sendo entrevistada amostra representativa de 835 parturientes e observados prontuários. Para avaliação da adequação da testagem anti-HIV foi elaborado um modelo lógico. Resultados: segundo informação das parturientes, 86,7 por cento dispunham de sorologia não reagente do pré-natal e 55,7 por cento foram submetidas ao teste rápido anti-HIV no hospital; em 49,9 por cento dos casos o procedimento relativo ao teste rápido anti-HIV no hospital foi considerado adequado: mães com status ignorado de HIV do pré-natal submetidas ao teste rápido e mães com status conhecido não submetidas ao mesmo. Segundo dados do prontuário, 68,0 por cento dispunham de sorologia não reagente e 79,6 por cento foram submetidas ao teste rápido anti-HIV; em 50,9 por cento dos casos o procedimento relativo ao teste rápido anti- HIV no hospital foi adequado. Conclusões: o protocolo de exames anti-HIV no pré-natal e na maternidade, vigentes em 2009, não foram cumpridos a contento, tanto por gerar procedimentos desnecessários quanto falhas na testagem da população alvo, ameaçando a instituição oportuna de medidas profiláticas de controle da transmissão vertical...

To evaluate HIV testing during preand perinatal care in the Brazilian National Health System. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 2009 covering 15 maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 835 pregnant women and their medical records consulted. A logical model was drawn up to assess the adequacy of HIV testing. Results: according to the information gathered from the pregnant women, 86.7 percent underwent a prenatal non-reactive serology test and 55.7 percent a rapid HIV test in hospital.In 49.9 percent of cases, the rapid hospital HIV test procedure was deemed to be adequate both for mothers with unknown prenatal HIV status undergoing the rapid test and for those with known HIV status who did not undergo this test. According to medical records, 68.0 percent underwent the non-reactive serum testand 79.6 percent the rapid HIV test.In 50.9 percent of cases the rapid hospital HIV test procedure was found to be adequate. Conclusions: the pre- and perinatal HIV test protocol in force in 2009 was not followed in a satisfactory manner, as unnecessary tests were performed and the target population was not fully tested, thereby jeopardizing the adoption of adequate prophylactic measures to control vertical transmission...

Toxoplasma gondii infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, Southern Nigeria

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii infection has been described as the most widespread zoonotic infection of humans and other animals. Information concerning T. gondii infection among schoolchildren is unavailable in Lagos City, Nigeria. METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigated the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among primary schoolchildren (PSC) from a community located in the center of Lagos, southern Nigeria, from November 2013 to March 2014. A total of 382 PSC were screened for the presence of sera anti-T. gondii antibodies using a latex agglutination test (TOXO Test-MT, Tokyo, Japan). A cutoff titer of ≥ 1:32 was considered positive, while titers ≥ 1:1,024 indicated high responders. Questionnaires were also used to obtain data on possible risk factors from parents/guardians. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence was 24% (91/382), and 83.5% (76/91) of seropositive PSC were classified as high responders. Among the risk factors tested, including contact with cats and soil, consumption of raw meat and vegetables, and drinking unboiled water, none showed statistical significance after multivariate adjustment. No associations were observed among age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and parents' occupation/educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study show evidence of active infection, and hence, there is need for urgent preventive measures in this city. Further investigation is required to clarify the transmission routes. Policy makers also need to initiate prevention and control programs to protect pregnant women and immunocompromised patients in particular because they are more severely affected by T. gondii infection. .

Seroprotección para hepatitis B luego de 3 dosis de vacunación en niños colombianos menores de 18 años de edad con infección por VIH / Seroprotection for Hepatitis B after Three Doses of Vaccine in Colombian HIV Patients under the Age of 18

Introducción: la seroprotección (SP) (títulos cuantitativos de anticuerpos para antígeno de superficie [Anti-HBsAg] >10 UI/L) para el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) en niños con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es baja. Objetivo: establecer la SP para VHB y los posibles factores asociados en niños con VIH de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: estudio de SP para VHB en 85 niños <18 años de edad luego de 3 dosis de vacunación. Fueron consideradas variables clínicas, paraclínicas, ambientales y sociodemográficas. El análisis estadístico incluyó estimación de proporción por ocurrencia, IC 95%, porcentajes, promedios y desviación estándar, y análisis univariado entre variable exposición y efecto; también se evaluó confusión (tablas de 2 x 2 y estimación de OR con IC 95%). Se utilizó prueba de Chi2 con significancia p <0,05. El modelo multivariado se realizó por el método de eliminación hacia atrás. Se eliminaron variables con p >0,10 por likelihood-ratio test. Resultados: la SP fue del 35,3% (IC 95% 25,2-46,4) (n = 30) en niños con edad promedio 101±44 meses, con predominio del género femenino, raza mestiza, estadio C para VIH según los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de los Estados Unidos y promedio de tiempo de tratamiento de 5 años, sin relación entre el tiempo transcurrido entre dosis 1, 2 y 3 de vacunación y SP, ni entre diagnóstico y colocación de dosis 3 de vacunación y SP. En el modelo multivariado, el factor asociado fue la relación temporal entre inicio de tratamiento (0-3 años) y la colocación de la última dosis de vacunación (OR = 4,3 IC 95% 0,96-19,23; p = 0,05) y >3 años de inicio de tratamiento (OR = 9,69 IC 95% 2,37-39,5; p = 0,00). Conclusión: la prevalencia de SP fue del 35,3%, con posible factor de riesgo asociado con la relación temporal entre el inicio del tratamiento y el tiempo de colocación de la última dosis de vacunación.

Introduction: Seroprotection against hepatitis B is defined as anti-hepatitis B surface antigen titer ≥ 10 IU/L), but in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) this is low. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish SP against HBV and potential associated factors in children with HIV in Cali, Colombia. Methodology: This is a study of seroprotection against HBV in 85 children under 18 years of age after receiving three doses of vaccine. Clinical, paraclinical, environmental and sociodemographic variables were considered. Statistical analysis included estimation of proportion per occurrence, 95% confidence intervals, percentages, means, standard deviations, and univariate analysis between variable exposure and effect. Confounding factors were evaluated with 2x2 contingency tables and estimation of odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The Chi2 test was used with significance of p <0.05. The multivariate model used backward elimination. Variables with p> 0.10 were eliminated by likelihood-ratio test. Results: SP was 35.3% (95% CI: 25.2 to 46.4, n = 30) in children with a mean age of 101 ± 44 months. Patients were predominantly female gender and mixed race and had Stage C HIV (according to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards). Average treatment time was 5 years. No relationship was found between the time between the first, second and third doses of vaccine and SP, nor among diagnosis, time of vaccination, and SP. The multivariate model showed an association of SP with the temporal relationship between start of treatment (0-3 years), last dose of vaccination (OR = 4.3, 95% CI: 0.96 to 19.23; p = 0.05) and more than three years after starting treatment (OR = 9.69, 95% CI: 2.37 to 39.5; p = 0.00). Conclusion: The prevalence of SP was 35.3%, with a possible risk factor associated with the temporal relationship between onset of treatment and time of the last dose of vaccine.

HIV prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, and sexual behaviors among transwomen in Mexico City / Prevalencia de VIH, características sociodemográficas y comportamientos en mujeres transgénero en la Ciudad de México

Objective. To present results from HIV testing, knowledge of HIV status and socioeconomic factors associated with the probability of having a HIV positive result among transwomen (TW) in Mexico. Materials and methods. In 2012, we conducted an HIV seroprevalence survey to 585 TW in Mexico City in three strata: gathering places, the Condesa HIV Clinic and in four detention centers. We estimated the prevalence of HIV in each strata and applied a probit model to the overall sample to analyze factors associated with the probability of a HIV positive result. Results. The prevalence of HIV was 19.8% in meeting places; 31.9% in detention centers and 64% among the participants of the clinic. Age, low education and number of sexual partners was positively associated with HIV. Conclusions. Results from the study provide relevant information to design HIV prevention interventions tailored to the needs of the TW population.

Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia, conocimiento de estatus de VIH y factores socioeconómicos asociados con la probabilidad de tener un resultado de VIH positivo en mujeres transgénero (MT) en México. Material y métodos. En 2012, se realizó una encuesta de seroprevalencia de VIH a 585 MT en sitios de encuentro, centros penitenciarios y una clínica de VIH, en la Ciudad de México. Se estimó la prevalencia de VIH en cada estrato y se aplicó un modelo probit para analizar los factores asociados con la probabilidad de un resultado positivo. Resultados. La prevalencia de VIH fue de 19.8% en lugares de encuentro y de 32% en centros de detención; a su vez, 64% de las participantes en la clínica eran VIH positivas. La edad, el bajo nivel de educación y el número de parejas sexuales se asoció positivamente con VIH. Conclusiones. Los resultados del estudio aportan información relevante para el diseño de intervenciones de prevención de VIH de acuerdo con las necesidades de esta población.